Lesson 25　Adverb 1/ 副詞 １ (Kanji, Katakana Version)

Types of Adverbs

1. Time Adverbs (時を表す副詞)

• Express when an action occurs
• Placed before the verb or at the beginning of the sentence
• Examples: もう (already), まだ (still/yet), いつも (always), すぐ (soon)

2. Degree Adverbs (程度を表す副詞)

• Express how much or to what extent
• Usually placed before the word they modify
• Examples: とても/たいへん (very), あまり...ない (not very), ぜんぜん...ない (not at all)

3. Frequency Adverbs (頻度を表す副詞)

• Express how often an action occurs
• Can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the verb
• Examples: よく (often), たくさん (a lot), ときどき (sometimes)

Basic Grammar Rules

1. Time Adverbs: [Time Adverb] + [Sentence]
   • もう宿題をしました。(Mou shukudai wo shimashita.) - I have already done my homework.
   • すぐ帰ります。(Sugu kaerimasu.) - I will return soon.
2. Degree Adverbs: [Degree Adverb] + [Adjective/Verb]
   • とても楽しいです。(Totemo tanoshii desu.) - It's very fun.
   • ぜんぜん分かりません。(Zenzen wakarimasen.) - I don't understand at all.
3. Frequency Adverbs: [Frequency Adverb] + [Verb]
   • よく映画を見ます。(Yoku eiga wo mimasu.) - I often watch movies.
   • ときどき運動します。(Tokidoki undou shimasu.) - I sometimes exercise.

Important Notes

• Negative adverbs (あまり、ぜんぜん) must be used with negative verbs/adjectives
• Most adverbs can be placed either at the beginning of the sentence or before the word they modify
• The meaning of some adverbs can change slightly depending on context

1. もう (もう / mou) - already

① もう宿題をしました。(Mou shukudai wo shimashita.)
Meaning: I have already done my homework.

• もう (mou) - already
• 宿題 (shukudai) - homework
• を (wo) - object marker
• しました (shimashita) - did

② もう時間です。(Mou jikan desu.)
Meaning: It's time now.

• もう (mou) - now
• 時間 (jikan) - time
• です (desu) - to be

2. まだ (まだ / mada) - still, not yet

① まだ勉強しています。(Mada benkyou shiteimasu.)
Meaning: I am still studying.

• まだ (mada) - still
• 勉強 (benkyou) - study
• しています (shiteimasu) - doing

② まだ食べていません。(Mada tabeteimasen.)
Meaning: I haven't eaten yet.

• まだ (mada) - not yet
• 食べて (tabete) - eat
• いません (imasen) - not doing

3. いつも (いつも / itsumo) - always

① いつも早く起きます。(Itsumo hayaku okimasu.)
Meaning: I always wake up early.

• いつも (itsumo) - always
• 早く (hayaku) - early
• 起きます (okimasu) - wake up

② いつもここで食べます。(Itsumo koko de tabemasu.)
Meaning: I always eat here.

• いつも (itsumo) - always
• ここ (koko) - here
• で (de) - at/in
• 食べます (tabemasu) - eat

4. すぐ (すぐ / sugu) - immediately, soon

① すぐ帰ります。(Sugu kaerimasu.)
Meaning: I will return soon.

• すぐ (sugu) - soon
• 帰ります (kaerimasu) - return

② すぐ終わります。(Sugu owarimasu.)
Meaning: It will end soon.

• すぐ (sugu) - soon
• 終わります (owarimasu) - end

5. とても/たいへん (とても/たいへん / totemo/taihen) - very

① とても楽しいです。(Totemo tanoshii desu.)
Meaning: It's very fun.

• とても (totemo) - very
• 楽しい (tanoshii) - fun
• です (desu) - to be

② たいへん忙しいです。(Taihen isogashii desu.)
Meaning: I'm very busy.

• たいへん (taihen) - very
• 忙しい (isogashii) - busy
• です (desu) - to be

6. あまり...ない (あまり...ない / amari...nai) - not very

① あまり好きじゃありません。(Amari suki ja arimasen.)
Meaning: I don't like it very much.

• あまり (amari) - not very
• 好き (suki) - like
• じゃありません (ja arimasen) - not

② あまり食べません。(Amari tabemasen.)
Meaning: I don't eat much.

• あまり (amari) - not very
• 食べません (tabemasen) - don't eat

7. ぜんぜん...ない (ぜんぜん...ない / zenzen...nai) - not at all

① ぜんぜん分かりません。(Zenzen wakarimasen.)
Meaning: I don't understand at all.

• ぜんぜん (zenzen) - not at all
• 分かりません (wakarimasen) - don't understand

② ぜんぜん話せません。(Zenzen hanasemasen.)
Meaning: I can't speak at all.

• ぜんぜん (zenzen) - not at all
• 話せません (hanasemasen) - can't speak

8. よく (よく / yoku) - often

① よく映画を見ます。(Yoku eiga wo mimasu.)
Meaning: I often watch movies.

• よく (yoku) - often
• 映画 (eiga) - movie
• を (wo) - object marker
• 見ます (mimasu) - watch

② よく公園に行きます。(Yoku kouen ni ikimasu.)
Meaning: I often go to the park.

• よく (yoku) - often
• 公園 (kouen) - park
• に (ni) - to
• 行きます (ikimasu) - go

9. たくさん (たくさん / takusan) - many, a lot

① たくさん食べました。(Takusan tabemashita.)
Meaning: I ate a lot.

• たくさん (takusan) - a lot
• 食べました (tabemashita) - ate

② たくさん本があります。(Takusan hon ga arimasu.)
Meaning: There are many books.

• たくさん (takusan) - many
• 本 (hon) - book
• が (ga) - subject marker
• あります (arimasu) - there is/are

10. ときどき (ときどき / tokidoki) - sometimes

① ときどき運動します。(Tokidoki undou shimasu.)
Meaning: I sometimes exercise.

• ときどき (tokidoki) - sometimes
• 運動 (undou) - exercise
• します (shimasu) - do

② ときどき雨が降ります。(Tokidoki ame ga furimasu.)
Meaning: It sometimes rains.

• ときどき (tokidoki) - sometimes
• 雨 (ame) - rain
• が (ga) - subject marker
• 降ります (furimasu) - fall (for rain)

練習問題 (Practice Questions)

Choose the correct adverb that matches the English meaning:

Options:
a) もう (mou)
b) まだ (mada)
c) いつも (itsumo)
d) すぐ (sugu)
e) とても (totemo)
f) あまり...ない (amari...nai)
g) ぜんぜん...ない (zenzen...nai)
h) よく (yoku)
i) たくさん (takusan)
j) ときどき (tokidoki)

①_______日本語を勉強します。(_______ nihongo wo benkyou shimasu.)
I sometimes study Japanese.

②_______宿題が終わりました。(_______ shukudai ga owarimashita.)
I have already finished my homework.

③_______日本語が分かりません。(_______ nihongo ga wakarimasen.)
I don't understand Japanese at all.

④_______テレビを見ます。(_______ terebi wo mimasu.)
I often watch TV.

⑤_______本を読みました。(_______ hon wo yomimashita.)
I read many books.

⑥_______家に帰ります。(_______ ie ni kaerimasu.)
I will return home soon.

⑦_______勉強しています。(_______ benkyou shiteimasu.)
I am still studying.

⑧_______スポーツをします。(_______ supōtsu wo shimasu.)
I always do sports.

⑨_______難しいです。(_______ muzukashii desu.)
It's very difficult.

⑩_______運動しません。(_______ undou shimasen.)
I don't exercise much.

答え (Answers)

1. j) ときどき (tokidoki)
2. a) もう (mou)
3. g) ぜんぜん...ない (zenzen...nai)
4. h) よく (yoku)
5. i) たくさん (takusan)
6. d) すぐ (sugu)
7. b) まだ (mada)
8. c) いつも (itsumo)
9. e) とても (totemo)
10. f) あまり...ない (amari...nai)

Lesson 25　Adverb 1/ 副詞 １ (Hiragana Version)

Types of Adverbs

1. Time Adverbs (ときをあらわすふくし)

• Express when an action occurs
• Placed before the verb or at the beginning of the sentence
• Examples: もう (already), まだ (still/yet), いつも (always), すぐ (soon)

2. Degree Adverbs (ていどをあらわすふくし)

• Express the extent or degree of an action or state
• Usually placed before the word they modify
• Examples: とても/たいへん (very), あまり...ない (not very), ぜんぜん...ない (not at all)

3. Frequency Adverbs (ひんどをあらわすふくし)

• Express how often an action occurs
• Can be placed at the beginning of the sentence or before the verb
• Examples: よく (often), たくさん (a lot), ときどき (sometimes)

Basic Grammar Rules

1. Time Adverbs: [Time Adverb] + [Sentence]
   • もうしゅくだいをしました。(mou shukudai wo shimashita.) - I have already done my homework.
   • すぐかえります。(sugu kaerimasu.) - I will return soon.
2. Degree Adverbs: [Degree Adverb] + [Adjective/Verb]
   • とてもたのしいです。(totemo tanoshii desu.) - It's very fun.
   • ぜんぜんわかりません。(zenzen wakarimasen.) - I don't understand at all.
3. Frequency Adverbs: [Frequency Adverb] + [Verb]
   • よくえいがをみます。(yoku eiga wo mimasu.) - I often watch movies.
   • ときどきうんどうします。(tokidoki undou shimasu.) - I sometimes exercise.

Important Notes

• Negative adverbs (あまり、ぜんぜん) must be used with negative verbs/adjectives
• Most adverbs can be placed either at the beginning of the sentence or before the word they modify
• The meaning of some adverbs may change slightly depending on the context

1. もう (mou) - already

① もうしゅくだいをしました。(mou shukudai wo shimashita.)
Meaning: I have already done my homework.

• もう - already
• しゅくだい - homework
• を - object marker
• しました - did

② もうじかんです。(mou jikan desu.)
Meaning: It's time now.

• もう - now
• じかん - time
• です - to be

2. まだ (mada) - still, not yet

① まだべんきょうしています。(mada benkyou shiteimasu.)
Meaning: I am still studying.

• まだ - still
• べんきょう - study
• しています - doing

② まだたべていません。(mada tabeteimasen.)
Meaning: I haven't eaten yet.

• まだ - not yet
• たべて - eat
• いません - not doing

3. いつも (itsumo) - always

① いつもはやくおきます。(itsumo hayaku okimasu.)
Meaning: I always wake up early.

• いつも - always
• はやく - early
• おきます - wake up

② いつもここでたべます。(itsumo koko de tabemasu.)
Meaning: I always eat here.

• いつも - always
• ここ - here
• で - at/in
• たべます - eat

4. すぐ (sugu) - immediately, soon

① すぐかえります。(sugu kaerimasu.)
Meaning: I will return soon.

• すぐ - soon
• かえります - return

② すぐおわります。(sugu owarimasu.)
Meaning: It will end soon.

• すぐ - soon
• おわります - end

5. とても/たいへん (totemo/taihen) - very

① とてもたのしいです。(totemo tanoshii desu.)
Meaning: It's very fun.

• とても - very
• たのしい - fun
• です - to be

② たいへんいそがしいです。(taihen isogashii desu.)
Meaning: I'm very busy.

• たいへん - very
• いそがしい - busy
• です - to be

6. あまり...ない (amari...nai) - not very

① あまりすきじゃありません。(amari suki ja arimasen.)
Meaning: I don't like it very much.

• あまり - not very
• すき - like
• じゃありません - not

② あまりたべません。(amari tabemasen.)
Meaning: I don't eat much.

• あまり - not very
• たべません - don't eat

7. ぜんぜん...ない (zenzen...nai) - not at all

① ぜんぜんわかりません。(zenzen wakarimasen.)
Meaning: I don't understand at all.

• ぜんぜん - not at all
• わかりません - don't understand

② ぜんぜんはなせません。(zenzen hanasemasen.)
Meaning: I can't speak at all.

• ぜんぜん - not at all
• はなせません - can't speak

8. よく (yoku) - often

① よくえいがをみます。(yoku eiga wo mimasu.)
Meaning: I often watch movies.

• よく - often
• えいが - movie
• を - object marker
• みます - watch

② よくこうえんにいきます。(yoku kouen ni ikimasu.)
Meaning: I often go to the park.

• よく - often
• こうえん - park
• に - to
• いきます - go

9. たくさん (takusan) - many, a lot

① たくさんたべました。(takusan tabemashita.)
Meaning: I ate a lot.

• たくさん - a lot
• たべました - ate

② たくさんほんがあります。(takusan hon ga arimasu.)
Meaning: There are many books.

• たくさん - many
• ほん - book
• が - subject marker
• あります - there is/are

10. ときどき (tokidoki) - sometimes

① ときどきうんどうします。(tokidoki undou shimasu.)
Meaning: I sometimes exercise.

• ときどき - sometimes
• うんどう - exercise
• します - do

② ときどきあめがふります。(tokidoki ame ga furimasu.)
Meaning: It sometimes rains.

• ときどき - sometimes
• あめ - rain
• が - subject marker
• ふります - fall (for rain)

れんしゅうもんだい (Practice Questions)

Choose the correct adverb that matches the English meaning:

Options:
a) もう (mou)
b) まだ (mada)
c) いつも (itsumo)
d) すぐ (sugu)
e) とても (totemo)
f) あまり...ない (amari...nai)
g) ぜんぜん...ない (zenzen...nai)
h) よく (yoku)
i) たくさん (takusan)
j) ときどき (tokidoki)

①_______にほんごをべんきょうします。(_______ nihongo wo benkyou shimasu.)
Meaning: I sometimes study Japanese.

②_______しゅくだいがおわりました。(_______ shukudai ga owarimashita.)
Meaning: I have already finished my homework.

③_______にほんごがわかりません。(_______ nihongo ga wakarimasen.)
Meaning: I don't understand Japanese at all.

④_______てれびをみます。(_______ terebi wo mimasu.)
Meaning: I often watch TV.

⑤_______ほんをよみました。(_______ hon wo yomimashita.)
Meaning: I read many books.

⑥_______いえにかえります。(_______ ie ni kaerimasu.)
Meaning: I will return home soon.

⑦_______べんきょうしています。(_______ benkyou shiteimasu.)
Meaning: I am still studying.

⑧_______すぽーつをします。(_______ supootsu wo shimasu.)
Meaning: I always do sports.

⑨_______むずかしいです。(_______ muzukashii desu.)
Meaning: It's very difficult.

⑩_______うんどうしません。(_______ undou shimasen.)
Meaning: I don't exercise much.

こたえ (Answers)

1. j) ときどき (tokidoki)
2. a) もう (mou)
3. g) ぜんぜん...ない (zenzen...nai)
4. h) よく (yoku)
5. i) たくさん (takusan)
6. d) すぐ (sugu)
7. b) まだ (mada)
8. c) いつも (itsumo)
9. e) とても (totemo)
10. f) あまり...ない (amari...nai)